From
NPR. (Note:
Vladimir Putin banned Americans from adopting Russian children in 2012, which could mean the early death of disabled children in Russian orphanages.)
Dasha Daunis (pictured) is a lively 15-year-old who loves animals. She talks
with her mother, Anastasia, about a recent trip to the circus, where
they saw her favorite, bears.
Dasha was born with Down syndrome, and Anastasia says the doctors at the hospital told her that her baby would never thrive.
"Everyone
was saying, the most reasonable decision is to abandon the child,
because it's a cross you'll have to bear all your life," she recalls.
"This child will never even understand that you are its father and
mother. And your friends and your family will turn away from you."
Anastasia
says she couldn't bear to leave her child behind, and after more than a
year, she brought Dasha home from the orphanage. She never regretted
her decision.
Instead, she thinks the doctors who advised her were in need of help and better information themselves.
But this Russian habit of placing disabled children in orphanages
has changed little over the years, according to a new report
highlighting problems with Russia's treatment of disabled kids.
Human Rights Watch, the U.S.-based group, says that nearly 30 percent of Russian children with disabilities live in state orphanages.
"We
do believe that people are still being advised to institutionalize
their children," says Andrea Mazzarino, a researcher at Human Rights
Watch, which recently released its report. "We spoke with several parents who heard that advice within the past two years in Moscow alone."
Instances Of Poor Treatment
Mazzarino
says that once disabled children are consigned to state orphanages,
there's little chance that they'll be given the attention needed to
thrive. In many cases, she says, they face ill treatment.
"We visited 10 institutions across Russia, and in the vast
majority, we either heard about, or we witnessed firsthand, severe forms
of violence and neglect," she says, including children being tied up
and sedated, or beaten, or doused with cold water.
She says
children with severe disabilities are confined to so-called "lying down"
rooms, where they spend their days in cribs, kept in diapers and fed
through tubes. Photos from her report show teenagers with the physical
development of preschoolers after years of confinement.
Even in the most developed countries, advocates struggle to obtain
civil rights and humane treatment for disabled people, but Russia seems
to be moving slower than most.
Andrei Dombrovsky, an activist for the rights of disabled people,
thinks the problem dates back to the Soviet period, when the official
ideology called for the creation of an ideal society.
"The
country was striving toward something very perfect, in which you cannot
see disabled person, because he is not perfect," says Dombrovsky, who is
based in St. Petersburg. "And that's why all disabled people were
living in the institutions."
He volunteers to help young adults make the transition from institutions to life on their own.
From A Children's Institution To An Adult Institution
For
most disabled children who grow up in Russian orphanages, the only
transition they'll make is to another institution that takes them when
they're 18, such as the adult facility outside St. Petersburg.
It's
a sprawling labyrinth of hallways with locked wards. Some residents,
mostly very old, doze in chairs, or make their way slowly down the
halls.
With her pink hair and punky clothes, 18-year-old Anya
is a whirlwind of energy in this place, when she's let out of the
women's ward to meet visitors. But Anya has virtually no education, and
limited prospects for getting out of the institution.
Evgenia
Shtil is the founder of a charity called Children of Pavlovsk, which
helps young people who have aged out of one of Russia's biggest
orphanages.
Russian law actually calls for the state to provide
apartments for disabled people who are capable of living on their own.
The catch, Shtil says, is that applicants have to prove to a panel of
experts that they're ready for life in the community.
"It's really hard for a person like that to prove to the panel
that they're able to cope with everyday life," Shtil says. "The only
reason for that is that for the first 18 years of their lives, nothing
was done to help them achieve that goal."
Russia says it's
taking some steps to address these issues and help children in
institutions to move into the community. The government has an "action
strategy" that it says will bring Russia into compliance with the
international Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Advocates
like Shtil and Dombrovsky are working to help rescue the young people
who are products of Russia's orphanages for disabled children. But they
say, and human rights groups agree, that Russia's reforms will need to
address the entire lives of disabled children, from the moment a they
are born.
